Bibliografía
| References |
| 1. | Wright AE and Douglas SR : An experimental investigation of the role of the body fluids in connection with phagocytosis, Proc Roy Soc Lond, 1903; 72 : 357. |
| 2. | McCoy KL and Kennedy ER : Autogenous vaccine therapy in staphylococcal infections, JAMA, 1960; 74 : 35-38. |
| 3. | Neter E, Rajnovich E and Goznski EA : Study of staphylococcal antibodies of Rantz type placental transfer and titres in sera of children of various ages, Pediat, 1960; 25 : 21-26. |
| 4. | Segal DW : Nitroblue tetrazolium test, Lancet, 1974; ii : 1245-1252. |
| 5. | Brown JJ : J Pathol Bacteriol, 1960; 79 : 257, Quoted by Smith DT, Conant NF and Overman JR : The micrococci, in: Microbiology, Thirteenth ed, Editor, Zinsser 14 : Meredith Publishing Company, USA, 1964; p 436-499. |
| 6. | Glenndy Al and Stevens MF : J Pathol and Bacteriol, 1952 ; 66 : 187, Quoted by Smith DT, Conant NF and Overman JR :The micrococci, in : Microbiology, Thirteenth ed, Editor, Zinsser, H : Meredith Publishing Company, USA, 1964: p 436-499. |
| 7. | Zimond SH : Chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, J Cell Biol, 1978; 77 : 269-271. |
| 8. | Keller HU and Sorkin E : Chemotaxis of leukocytes, Experientia, 1968; 24 : 641-752. |
| 9. | Quie PG, Mill EL and Holmes B : Molecular events during phagocytosis by human neutrophils, Prog Hematol, 1977; 10 : 193. |
| 10. | Stossel TP : Phagocytosis, Amer J Pathol, 1977; 88 : 743:744. |
| 11. | Stossel TP : Phagocytosis, Recognition and ingestion, Semin Hematol, 1975; 12 : 83-116. |
| 12. | BabiorBM :Oxygen dependent microbial killing by phagocytes, N Eng J Med, 1978; 298 721-727. |
| 13. | Johnston RB Jr : Oxygen metabolism and the microbicidal activity of macrophages, Federal Proc, 1978; 37 : 2759. |
| 14. | Ambruso DR, Johnston RB Jr :Defects of phagocyte function, Primary and Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorders, First ed, Editor, Chandra RK :Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1983; p 138-148. |
| 15. | Baehner RL, Murramann SK, Davis J et al The role of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide in phagocytosis associated oxidative metabolic reactions, J Clin Invest, 1975; 56 : 511576. |
| 16. | Baehner RL and Nathan DG : Quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium test in chronic granulomatous disease, N Eng J Med, 1961; 278 : 971-976. |
| 17. | Klebanoff SJ : A peroxidase mediated antimicrobiol system in leukocytes, J Clin Invest. 1967; 46 : 1078 (Abstract). |
| 18. | Panton PN and Valentine FCO : Brit J Exp Pathol, 1929; 10 : 257, Quoted by Wilson GS and Miles A : Staphylococcal diseases, in: Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and Immunity, Sixth ed, Editors, Topley WWC and Wilson GS Edward Arnold Publishers, London, 1975; p 1948-1977. |
| 19. | Boe J : Acta Dermato-Venereol (Stockh), 1946: 26 : 111, Quoted by Wilson GS and Miles A Staphylococcal diseases, in: Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and Immunity, Sixth ed, Editors, Topley WWC and Wilson GS : Edward Arnold Publishers, London, 1975; p 1948-1977. |
Cesk Otolaryngol. 1990 Feb;39(1):40-7.
[Treatment with autovaccines and the immunologic profile of patients]
[Article in Czech]
Novotný Z, Krupicka J, Hánová I, Rys E.
Otolaryngologické odd?lení nemocnice 2, Praha.
Abstract
In a group of 33 patients with chronic inflammations of the upper airways and deglutition pathways the effect of treatment with autovaccines in the form of nasal drops was investigated. In 77.7% a therapeutic success was recorded still after an interval of 1-3 years following termination of treatment. In the entire group parameters of humoral and cellular immunity were tested. In none of the patients severe forms of immunodeficiency were found. In 16 patients an immunological check-up was made after termination of autovaccine treatment. Although differences were revealed in the immunological picture, none of them attained the level of statistical significance. The action of autovaccines could be explained by the non-specific action of bacterins. Common immunological examinations methods are so far unable to define all cooperative relations between different immunocompetent cells and systems.
PMID: 2346980 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE
Br J Cancer. 2004 Mar 22;90(6):1279-84.
TNF autovaccination induces self anti-TNF antibodies and inhibits metastasis in a murine melanoma model.
Waterston AM, Salway F, Andreakos E, Butler DM, Feldmann M, Coombes RC.
Department of Cancer Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Rd, Imperial college School of Medicine, London SW10 9NH, UK. a.waterston@blueyonder.co.uk
Abstract
TNF is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, but also in metastasis in certain types of cancer. In terms of therapy, TNF is targeted by anti-TNF neutralising monoclonal antibodies or soluble TNF receptors. Recently, a novel strategy based on the generation of self anti-TNF antibodies (TNF autovaccination) has been developed. We have previously shown that TNF autovaccination successfully generates high anti-TNF antibody titres, blocks TNF and ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice. In this study, we examined the ability of TNF autovaccination to generate anti-TNF antibody titres and block metastasis in the murine B16F10 melanoma model. We found that immunisation of C57BL/6 mice with TNF autovaccine produces a 100-fold antibody response to TNF compared to immunisation with phosphate-buffered saline vehicle control and significantly reduces both the number (P<0.01) and size of metastases (P<0.01) of B16F10 melanoma cells. This effect is also observed when an anti-TNF neutralising monoclonal antibody is administered, confirming the essential role TNF plays in metastasis in this model. This study suggests that TNF autovaccination is a cheaper and highly efficient alternative that can block TNF and reduce metastasis in vivo and trials with TNF autovaccination are already underway in patients with metastatic cancer.
PMID: 15026813 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]PMCID: PMC2409655Free PMC Article
Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2005 Sep;54(9):848-57. Epub 2005 Mar 8.
Phase I study of TNFalpha AutoVaccIne in patients with metastatic cancer.
Waterston AM, Gumbrell L, Bratt T, Waller S, Gustav-Aspland J, L’hermenier C, Bellenger K, Campbell M, Powles T, Highley M, Bower M, Mouritsen S, Feldmann M, Coombes RC.
Department of Cancer Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial college School of Medicine, London, W12 0HS, UK. ashita.waterston@Northblueyonder.co.uk
Abstract
We evaluated the safety and immunogencity of a novel vaccine directed against autologous TNFalpha in a Phase I fixed dose escalation trial. The vaccine consisted of two recombinant TNFalpha proteins, with specific peptides replaced by foreign immunodominant T cell epitopes from tetanus toxoid. The main objectives were to establish a safe dose and evaluate the vaccines ability to raise neutralising TNFalpha antibodies. Secondary objectives were improvements in body weight and tumour response. Thirty-three patients were vaccinated with three doses (20, 100, or 400 mug) of TNFalpha vaccine at 2-weekly intervals adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxide. Anti-TNFalpha antibody titres were measured by both a RIA, using soluble native TNFalpha as the antigen, and by an ELISA using immobilized partly denatured TNFalpha. Eleven patients (33%) had mild grade1/2 injection site reactions at the higher doses. In 10 of 20 patients, serum antibodies recognize denatured TNFalpha in the ELISA, whereas, antibody titres against native TNFalpha in the RIA were undetectable. This suggests that the production process had partly denatured the vaccine preventing the formation of cross-reacting antibodies to native TNFalpha. In conclusion, TNFalpha vaccine was able to elicit vaccine specific antibodies. However, since the antibodies were only able to cross-react with partly denatured TNFalpha, evaluation of safety and tumour responses to the TNFalpha vaccine was compromised.
PMID: 15754205 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Sep;1110:330-6.
Anti-IL-17A autovaccination prevents clinical and histological manifestations of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Uyttenhove C, Sommereyns C, Théate I, Michiels T, Van Snick J.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, 74 av. Hippocrate UCL 7459, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium. catherine.uyttenhove@bru.licr.org
Abstract
Excessive or inappropriate production of IL-17A has been reported in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and multiple sclerosis. The potential clinical relevance of these correlations was suggested by the protective effects of anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibodies in various mouse disease models. However, the chronic nature of the corresponding human afflictions raises great challenges for Ab-based therapies. An alternative to passive Ab therapy is autovaccination. Covalent association of self-cytokines with foreign proteins has been reported to induce the production of antibodies capable of neutralizing the biological activity of the target cytokine. We recently reported that cross-linking of IL-17A to ovalbumin produced highly immunogenic complexes that induced long-lasting IL-17A-neutralizing antibodies. Vaccinated SJL mice were completely protected against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by proteolipid protein peptide (PLP 139-151), and a monoclonal anti-IL-17A Ab (MM17F3), derived from C57Bl/6 mice vaccinated against IL-17A-OVA, also prevented disease development. Here we report that this Ab also protects C57Bl/6 mice from myelin oligdendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE. Histological analysis of brain sections of C57Bl/6 mice treated with MM17F3 showed a complete absence of inflammatory infiltrates and evidence for a marked inhibition of chemokine and cytokine messages in the spinal cord. These results further extend the analytical and therapeutic potential of the autovaccine procedure.
PMID: 17911448 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE
Fortschr Med. 1976 Feb 12;94(5):264-5, 268.
[Chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis. Attempt at oral autovaccine therapy]
[Article in German]
Ring J, van Thiel D, Seifert J, Stickl H, Probst J, Brendel W.
Abstract
18 patients suffering from chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis were treated by oral autovaccination. 11 patients showed significant improvement of clinical condition. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by a scoring system considering the wound morphology, the bone radiology and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The most pronounced clinical improvements were observed in patients with established delayed type hypersensitivity against staphylococci.
PMID: 1254240 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE
Ann Acad Med Stetin. 1998;44:65-85.
[Skin reactions to antigens of propionibacterium acnes in patients with acne vulgaris treated with autovaccine]
[Article in Polish]
Katedry i Zak?adu Mikrobiologii i Immunologii Pomorskiej Akademii Medycznej w Szczecinie.
Abstract
One of the most common diseases of the skin is acne. The etiology and pathogenesis of acne, in spite of the advancement of medical knowledge, remain unknown and the effects of treatment unsatisfactory. The mechanism of the beneficial effects of immunotherapy in some cases of acne, including autovaccines prepared from the bacterial strains of the patient, also awaits explanation. The present work was aimed at elucidating the influence of autovaccine on some parameters of specific humoral and cellular response against the same strains of Propionibacterium acnes that were isolated from the patient to prepare the autovaccine. These parameters were evaluated in vivo on the basis of early and delayed skin reactions and in vitro using respective laboratory tests. By analysing the influence of autovaccine on the immunological status it was hoped to shed some light on the immunological aspects of acne. An improvement after autovaccine was noted in 47.6% of patients. At the same time it was observed that the results of the present treatment with autovaccine were much better in patients who were previously treated for acne with Acnevac or autovaccine than in other patients. One may therefore conclude that repeated immunotherapy in acne is advantageous in terms of results. The frequency of early skin reactions against the Propionibacterium acnes of the patient and against standard strains, the level of serum IgE antibodies in patients with acne of various intensity and the release of histamine in the presence of Propionibacterium acnes from basophils of patients with positive early skin reactions all stand against the role of early-type hypersensitivity and anaphilactoid phenomena linked with the structural antigens of the patient’s strains of Propionibacterium acnes in the pathogenesis of acne (Tab. 1, Fig. 1). Reactions reflecting delayed-type hypersensitivity against the patient’s strains of Propionibacterium acnes were observed more frequently than early-type reactions and more frequently than against standard strains (Tab. 2). Clinical improvement was particularly evident in patients in whom the intensity of the reactions decreased after treatment. This was accompanied by higher titres of specific antibodies against structural antigens of Propionibacterium acnes (Tab. 3) and a greater inhibition of migration of mononuclear cells in the presence of these bacteria or a nonspecific mitogen (PHA). It was concluded that specific antibodies generated by the autovaccine and directed against the strain of Propionibacterium acnes of the patient may reduce the intensity of delayed-type reactions in some cases of acne, as previously reported for tularemia and tuberculosis. Final unequivocal conclusions as to the pathogenesis of acne and mechanism of the effects of autovaccine could not be drawn. However, the present results form an encouraging basis for further research in this field.
PMID: 9857532 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Otolaryngol Pol. 1995;49 Suppl 23:183-5.
[The testing of auto-vaccination of patients with chronic purulent otitis media]
[Article in Polish]
Wilczy?ski K, Ko?mi?ska J, Bili?ski A.
Klinicznego Oddzia?u Otolaryngologicznego Wojskowego Szpitala Klinicznego we Wroc?awiu.
Abstract
Ten patients with chronic purulent otitis media were classified to the treatment with autovaccines. Concentration of IgG, IgA, IgM was examined in all patients before and after the therapy. Favourable effects of the treatment with autovaccines were seen in 80% of the patients. Marked increase in IgG concentration was found. Autovaccines stimulate humoral immunity and can significantly improve the methods used in chronic infections.
PMID: 9499893 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE
Pathol Biol (Paris). 2003 Jul;51(5):297-304.
[Autoantibodies, tolerance and autoimmunity]
[Article in French]
Unité d’Immuno-Hématologie et d’Immunopathologie, Institut Pasteur, 28, rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France.
Abstract
In 1900, the group from Metchnikoff suggested the concept of autoimmunization by demonstrating the presence of autoantibodies in normal conditions; which was opposed to the concept of horror autotoxicus raised by Ehrlich. Landsteiner’s description of the transfusion compatibility rules and 50 year-later work from Burnett’s and Medawar’s groups lead to the clonal deletion theory as a general explanation of tolerance and autoimmunity. However, more recent work succeeded demonstrating that autoreactive B cells constitute a substantial part of the B-cell repertoire and that this autoreactive repertoire secretes the so-called natural autoantibodies (NAA) characterized by their broad reactivity mainly directed against very well conserved public epitopes. They fulfill the definition of an autoantibody since they are self-reactive, but they are not self-specific. As yet, NAA directed against determinants of polymorphism have not been reported. The presence of this repertoire in normal conditions challenges the clonal deletion theory as a unique explanation for self-tolerance. However, if we take into account that this autoreactive B-cell repertoire is not self-specific, this contradiction may not be a real one opposition. Indeed, the Lansteiner’s rule that a subject belonging to group A will never produce anti-A antibodies and will always produce natural antibodies against the B-cell group, could never be challenged. Clonal deletion is probably accounting for this phenomenum. However, the serum of healthy adult individuals frequently exhibits low titers of anti-I antibodies, which is a precursor molecule of AB0 antigen system. The mechanism accounting for deletion of B cells directed against critical determinants like antigens A and B in the red blood cell system and allowing the production of autoantibodies against I remain elusive.
PMID: 14567198 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
